污染土壤上水稻生长及对Pb、Cd和As的吸收

通过温室盆栽试验研究了Pb、Cd和As于中国土壤环境质量标准III级水平(Pb:400 mg/kg;Cd:1.0 mg/kg:As:40 mg/kg)时对水稻在3种不同类型土壤上的生长和吸收Pb、Cd及As的影响.结果表明:在红壤上,As处理的稻谷产量显著降低,除Cd处理对稻谷产量影响不大外,其他处理也明显降低了水稻稻谷产量,且 Pb、Cd 的存在加重了As的毒性;对稻草产量只有Pb和Pb-Cd-As两个处理与对照有显著性差异.在乌栅土上,仅As和Pb-Cd-As处理与对照相比明显降低了稻谷产量,而所有复合处理均降低了稻草产量,且对稻草产量影响要大于其对稻谷产量的影响.在青紫泥上各处理影响较小.Cd-As、Pb-Cd和Pbr-Cd-As处理红壤其稻米Cd含量较Cd单独存在时分别增加了15.7%、11.5%和25.6%;红壤上Pb处理显著增加了稻米Pb的含量.但Pb-As处理降低了稻米Pb含量.稻米中重金属含量在3种不同性质土壤上的含量大小顺序为:红壤>青紫泥>乌栅土.     

土壤无机氮解吸模型及其特征值生物效应研究

8种土壤126个氮素解吸实验表明,解吸模型C=ClH-a能模拟土壤铵态氮、硝态氮的解吸动态规律,其中有125个实验的复相关系数达到极显著水平。盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,对生长期较短的空心菜、菜心和莴苣而言,土壤氮素可解吸量Q和土壤溶液氮素初始浓度C li与供试蔬菜的氮素吸收量和产量之间有显著的抛物线型关系,为评价土壤氮素生物有效性和临界指标提供了一种新方法。     

榨菜叶还田对土壤肥力的影响研究

利用盆栽试验和田间试验研究了榨菜叶还田对土壤养分肥力的影响,结果表明,榨菜叶还田处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在水稻整个生长期变化较小,水稻生长后期土壤速效N、P、K含量都高于化肥处理;而化肥处理氮磷钾含量变化较大,说明榨菜叶养分供应能够与作物的吸收相互协调,养分供应持续稳定,能满足水稻生长后期对NPK养分的需要,是一种天然的缓释肥料。在水稻生长期,榨菜叶还田能明显的提高土壤肥力,与对照相比,水稻收获后不同处理土壤有机质含量、土壤氮、磷、钾含量,均有所上升,以榨菜叶及其配施化肥处理上升的幅度较大,培肥效果较好。     

关于土壤系统分类中一些诊断层的鉴别

本文对中国土壤系统分类中的黏化层、雏形层、铁铝层和低活性富铁层的鉴别作进一步讨论。     

土壤持水曲线van Genuchten模型求参的Matlab实现

土壤持水曲线是研究土壤水力学性质必不可少的 ,在已经建立的众多数学模型中 ,vanGenuchten模型是目前运用最广泛的模型 ,而运用该模型的关键是其 4个参数的求解。为此 ,本文对同一组东北褐土的土壤水吸力和对应的土壤含水量数据较详细地介绍了Matlab软件的非线性拟合和非线性回归函数的运用 ,得出了该土壤vanGenuchten模型的 4个参数值 ,分别建立了该土壤的vanGenuchten模型 ,并利用Mat lab强大的绘图功能对它们进行了直观比较。最后运用方差分析和残差分析对该模型的计算值与实测数据进行了分析 ,结果表明 :非线性拟合和非线性回归函数求参结果的显著水平均达到p<0 0 0 0 1,残差平方和均小于 0 0 0 0 5 ,其中非线性回归函数的求参结果较非线性拟合好。因此 ,运用Matlab软件的非线性拟合和非线性回归函数对土壤持水曲线的vanGenuchten模型进行求参是切实可行的 ,从而为土壤学工作者寻求出了一条运用数值计算方法的新途径。     

水肥(氮)对小麦生理生态的影响 (Ⅰ)水肥 (氮 )条件对小麦光合蒸腾与水分利用的影响

光合速率在日出后随着光强的增强而急速升高,4月20日是小麦光合最强。净光合速率日变化随施氮量的增加而下降,水胁迫处理显著低于高水处理;不同时段变化净光合速率随施氮量和土壤含水量的增加而增加,但总的趋势是降低的。小麦蒸腾速率日变化总体趋势是在日出后随着光强的增强而急速升高、随光强的减弱而降低。小麦蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型,中午最高。叶片蒸腾速率日变化随土壤水分供应增加而增加,随氮肥供应增加而下降;不同供水供氮条件下,叶片蒸腾速率的分异在日中尤其是上午比较明显。蒸腾速率从4月10日一直呈现下降趋势。小麦叶片水分利用率日变化曲线为"L"型,即早上较高,中午和下午都非常低。4月20日叶片水分利用率最高,5月10日最低。叶片对不同土壤水分和氮控制的反映为高氮低水高水分利用率,反之,则水分利用率较低。不同水、氮在上午对叶片水分利用率影响差异比较明显,下午则趋于一致。     

近红外反射光谱分析在土壤肥料学的应用及发展方向

近红外反射光谱分析是一种"巨人"分析法,在土壤肥料及植物营养科学具有广阔的应用前景。对近红外反射光谱分析在土壤肥料及植物营养学科中的应用,存在问题,及其在土壤肥料及植物营养学科领域的发展方向进行了评述。     

Soil colloids-bound plasmid DNA: Effect on transformation of E. coli and resistance to DNase I degradation

The adsorption and binding of plasmid p34S DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals in the presence of various Ca²⁺ concentrations, the ability of bound DNA to transform competent cells of CaCl₂-treated Escherichia coli, and the resistance of bound DNA to degradation by DNase I were studied. DNA adsorption on soil colloids and clay minerals was promoted in the presence of Ca²⁺. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organo-mineral complexes (organic clays) and fine clays (<0.2 μm), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H₂O₂-treated clays (inorganic clays) and coarse clays (0.2-2 μm). The transformation efficiency of bound DNA increased with increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ at which soil colloid or clay mineral-DNA complexes were formed. DNA bound by kaolinite showed the lowest transformation efficiency, and especially no transformants were observed with kaolinite-DNA complex prepared at 5-100 mM Ca²⁺. Compared to organic clays and fine clays, DNA bound on inorganic clays and coarse clays showed a lower capacity to transform E. coli at different Ca²⁺ concentrations. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. Montmorillonite, organic clays and fine clays showed stronger protective effects for DNA than inorganic clays and coarse clays. The protection mechanisms as well as the differences in transforming efficiency of plasmid DNA molecules bound on various soil colloidal particles are discussed. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the horizontal dissemination of recombinant DNA and the fate of extracellular DNA in soil environments.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

Changes in chemical and biological properties of a sodic clay subsoil with addition of organic amendments

An experiment was performed to examine the chemical and biological effects on high clay sodic subsoil following the incorporation and incubation with organic amendments. The main treatments consisted of amendments with wheat shoots, lucerne pellets and peat, and these were compared to gypsum addition. Additional treatments were residues of chickpea and canola, chicken manure and sawdust. All materials were finely ground and added to crushed and sieved soil at the rate of 1% by weight. Wheat, canola and chickpea residues and chicken manure resulted in modest reductions in soil sodicity. Carbon and N mineralization were related to the soluble C/total N ratio in the amendment. The initial mineralization of wheat amendment was rapid due to its soluble C content, but then slowed to have the lowest loss, of around one third of added C, of all the plant residues after 174 days. In comparison, lucerne-amended soil increased total N and lost almost half of its C after the 174-day incubation. The canola stubble amendment showed the highest carbon loss, losing 64% of its added C. The addition of gypsum resulted in high soil electrical conductivity which suppressed respiration, compared to the control soil, indicating a detrimental effect on microbial activity due to the high electrolyte concentration in the soil. The peat amendment, with a low-soluble C content, showed a similar respiration rate to the control soil, confirming that a source of soluble C is important for the initiation of rapid biological activity. Soil pH was significantly increased (by 0.6 of a pH unit) with addition of chicken manure, and still remained higher than control soil after 174 days of incubation. Lucerne was the only plant residue to increase soil pH, with the effect being sustained for 56 days. The study demonstrated how some organic amendments can improve chemical fertility and biological activity in high clay sodic subsoil, and at the same time contribute, after 25 weeks incubation, to an increase in carbon content.